Madame Bovary †Lheureux Literature Review

In â€Å"Madame Bovary,† Lheureux provides an example of a character who is morally reprehensible on every level. While the other characters each have their reasons for acting as they do, and believe they are doing the right thing, Lheureux acts purely in the interest of financial gain. He does not care at all about what happens to Emma or anyone else that stands in his way. Lheureux is a minor character who represents the depravity and selfishness that Emma starts to fall foul to, as she attempts to buy her way into the upper class and into happiness. From the beginning, Lheureux’s circumstances are not in his favor. When he is discussed for the first time, he is referred to as having â€Å"the cunning of the Cauchois,† and is described as being ugly (Flubert). This physical ugliness reflects his unattractive personality which lies beneath. He is perpetually ingratiating and always encouraging Emma to spend more money. The first time Emma and Lheureux formally meet, he wastes no time in dragging out â€Å"three Algerian scarves, several packets of English needles, a pair of straw slippers, and four eggcups in cocoanut wood† (Flubert). It is clear that Lheureux wants Emma’s money, and will stop at nothing to get it. His greedy attitude causes Emma to be seduced by the spirit of spending, and leads her into financial trouble. Lheureux is aware that this will happen, but he does it anyway. He feels that her money still spends, and that it is her fault if she ends up ruined. Later, Emma hears from Homais about an execution that is to take place the following week, and that â€Å"it’s Lheureux who is selling him out; he has killed him with bills.† (Flaubert) Another person claims that Lheureux is â€Å"a wheedler, a sneak,† and, soon after, Lheureux attempts to enter the conversation by irritatingly cajoling himself in to their social circle. This demonstrates that everyone else in the story looks down upon Lheureux as a terrible human being. Nevertheless, they continue to do business with him. Emma is included in this generalization, and this shows just how far she has fallen into depravity and selfishness. Even after Emma’s death, Lheureux displays morally reprehensible and tactless behavior. he arrives at Emma’s funeral and immediately starts hitting Charles up for money, taking advantage of the man, as many others start to do in this period of grief (Flaubert). This cements the fact that Lheureux is a terrible human being. He benefits financially from Charles’ grief, only seeking to console him if it means more money in his own pocket. In conclusion, Lheureux offers the most stereotypically evil perspective of the entire book. His greedy, narcissistic and opportunistic personality helps to lead Emma down the same path, and plays his part in bringing about her eventual downfall and plunge into destitution. All of his interactions with the main characters concern money and furthering his business. He never has a truly personal relationship with anyone. For him, everything is about business, and this makes him the character with the darkest priorities of anyone. While Emma is at fault for her own complacency and the mistakes she makes, Lheureux creates the opportunities for her to take dark decisions, making him one of the most important characters in the book. Works Cited Mack et al. â€Å"Madame Bovary.† The Norton Anthology of World Literature, 2nd ed, vols, D,E,F.   Ã‚   Print.

People Fall Apart in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe ...

People Fall Apart in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Karl Marx believed that all of history could be reduced to two tiny words: class struggle. In any period of time a dominant class exploits a weaker class. Marx defines a dominant class as one who owns or controls the means of production. The weaker class consists of those who dont. In Marxs day, the age of Almighty Industry, the means of production were factories. But as a literary theory Marxism needs no factories to act as means of production. All that are needed are words, specifically chosen to justify an Official View of a dominating class, in our case, in a society guided by capitalism. This Official View is sometimes disguised as what we might otherwise call†¦show more content†¦Not only did Okonkwo achieve greatness in wrestling, he also achieved greatness off the field. His life was almost like a ?rags to riches? tale. As Achebe explains on page 18, ?With a father like Unoka, Okonkwo did not have the start in life which many young men had. He neither inherited a barn nor a title, nor even a young wife. But in spite of these disadvantages, he had begun even in his father?s lifetime to lay the foundations of a prosperous future.? Hard work, determination, a sense of personal responsibility to his growing family, all these played a part in Okonkwo?s financial success, much like these same values would help an American in our capitalist society. Marxism, as an economic theory, is also concerned with capital. In Igbo culture capital was not measured in dollars but in yams and cowries. Material possessions aside from land were scarce, but there were possessions of a different sort. And it was these possessions, such as wives, children, and most importantly titles, that gave men status in society. Those unable or unwilling to conform to society in gaining possessions were cast out, and seen as failures. One such man was Okonkwo?s father, Unoka, who ?had taken no title at all and he was heavily in debt? up until he died (8). It was this sort of man who Okonkwo swore never to become. ?Okonkwo was ruled by one passion -- to hate everything that his father Unoka had loved. One of those things was gentleness and another was idleness?Show MoreRelatedA Study on the Author, Chinua Achebe 1467 Words   |  6 Pages A STUDY OF THE AUTHOR, CHINUA ACHEBE Chinua Achebe was born unto a Nigerian parents in Nigeria on November 16, 1930. He was from a family that born six kids; he being the fifth among them. Chinua Achebe’s parents were Isaiah Okafor Achebe and Janet Achebe. He begin an English at eight in Ogidi, Nigeria. Encouraged by his father, he was excited to learned English quickly. His father Isaiah Achebe was one of the first that converted from their religion to Christianity and he also foundedRead MoreImperialism In The 19Th Century Resulted In European Countries1726 Words   |  7 Pagescountries.When Chinua Achebe published Things fall apart in 1958, a novel criticizing the European aspects of imperialism, his aspiration was to teach readers that â€Å"their past-with all its imperfections-was not one long night of savagery from which the first Europeans acting on God’s behalf delivered them†(Chinua Achebe on the Role of the African Writer, 1964). Chinua Achebe helped change the western perception of African culture by using the characters and story of Things Fall Apart to give readersRead MoreEssay about Role of Women in Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe1453 Words   |  6 Pagesthe village would fall apart. Chinua Achebe is an author that was born and raised in a village of Nigeria. From growing up there, Achebe understands the culture of Africa better than som e. Since he does have a better understanding of the culture he decided to make it his own personal duty to share the cultural differences with the world. How does Achebe do this one may ask? Well he reflects the culture in his writing. By sharing stories of what a village in Africa is like, Achebe is able to portrayRead More Conflict and Tradition in Things Fall Apart Essay example748 Words   |  3 PagesTradition in Things Fall Apart nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The book Things Fall Apart successfully expressed how Chinua Achebe had succeeded in writing a different story. It pointed out the conflict of oneself, the traditional beliefs, and the religious matters of the Africans. Throughout the novel, Chinua Achebe used simple but dignified words and unlike other books, he also included some flashbacks and folktales to make the novel more interesting and comprehensible. Things FallRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart990 Words   |  4 PagesChinua Achebe Biography Chinua Achebe, the author of  ¨Things Fall Apart ¨, was known for writing about the imposition of white men on African society. Achebe was a Nigerian man who became one of the most well-known authors in the world. His works were inspired by African culture and he helped define African literature. Chinua’s most famous literary work is  ¨Things Fall Apart ¨, but he has many other books that he is known for, including â€Å"No Longer at Ease†,  ¨Arrow of God ¨, and  ¨A Man of the People ¨Read MoreThings Falll Apart by Chinua Achebe1082 Words   |  4 PagesThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is a story that portrays the tensions between the white Colonial Government and native-born people of Umuofia. Okonkwo, the main character, and a great village man is highly respected in the Igbo tribe of Umuofia. Although, Okonkwo is highly respected by the Igbo people, they are fearful of him because of his violent anger. When the Europeans arrived in Umuofia, they br ought with them a new religion: Christianity. The Westerners changed Umuofia, destroyed traditionRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1415 Words   |  6 Pagesbook Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe does just that. This book should be taught in schools because it shows the values and traditions of Achebe’s Igbo culture, persistently teaches life lessons throughout the book, and shows the darker reality of European colonialism in Africa. Chinua Achebe is known as one of the most influential and famous authors to ever write. Chinua Achebe originates from an Igbo background and he expresses that through his writings very well including Things Fall ApartRead MoreA Civilization Falls Apart Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature, talks about the changes from an un-dignified lion-chasing culture to that of a semi-dignified European society. The novel Things Fall Apart by Nigerian-born author Chinua Achebe, tells the story of a Umuofian villager named Okonkwo, and how Okonkwo has to come to grips with the changes that are happening in everyday Ibo life. The novel Things Fall Apart is not your typical tall African tale. The novel is a story, a story not just about one person, but about an entire civil-societyRead MoreAchebe1599 Words   |  7 Pages Achebe’s Defense of The Ibo People in Things Fall Apart Option 1 The late Chinua Achebe is considered to be one of the most important voices in African literature. Born in colonial Nigeria in the 1930’s, Achebe joined the first wave of African writers who were determined to represent their country in a way that would truthfully depict the past and present. Before the arrival of the first wave writers, the history of pre-colonial Africa was portrayed as a place of barbarous activity. EuropeanRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe1324 Words   |  6 Pages Chinua Achebe chose to write his novels in English to reveal a deep response of his people to colonisation and to make that response understood to people all over the world. Things Fall Apart was written in English to teach people worldwide of the struggles he faced and the people of Nigeria faced growing up. Many authors and critics have written about Achebe’s ‘Things fall apart’ adding their valued opinion on what he was trying to say and his decision to write in English. In the following

Blue Fin Restaurant Free Essays

Imagine walking in the door of a lovely restaurant. Inside, the customers see Asian paintings and notice the clean restaurant with a fusion taste. Blue Fin restaurant is filled with Japanese heritage and atmosphere. We will write a custom essay sample on Blue Fin Restaurant or any similar topic only for you Order Now Japanese speaking hosts seat the hungry customers at a table lined with a hand-stitched Asian tablecloth with candles on top. The waiter brings the menus and tea to the table, and while deciding what to order, the customers can relax to traditional Japanese house music all the way to modern day music. Before ordering, customers are tortured with the aroma of the food surrounding them. Fresh tea all around, hot soup, and delicious appetizers right from the kitchen pass by their table on the way to the mouths of other hungry customers. Deciding what to order could be the hardest task of the night. Looking around at what others have ordered doesn’t help much either: almost every dish looks good enough to eat. The menu has a variety of different Japanese dishes. With everything from Shrimp tempura to fresh Sushi, almost anyone can find something they can enjoy. The ambience of Blue Fin is that this new space has a sort of club atmosphere, with flashing lights; ambient electronic; a red, black, and white color scheme; even a cool bathroom. It may be awful lot of atmosphere crammed into a tiny storefront, but while waiting for your order you can enjoy yourself with the surroundings. The idea of giving a Japanese restaurants tears it apart from traditional sushi restaurants, it gives it a more modernistic yet a unique taste that it can target young couples or all sorts of age to come. When you walk into a restaurant you don’t want to see just a plain restaurant with dull colors, you want to be able to remember it and be able to keep the taste of it fresh in your mind. Blue Fin is an upscale restaurant that welcomes family and businesses. Usually Japanese restaurants are looked upon as a more expensive place than others, but with the quality that Blue Fin has to offer it is well worth the money. The restaurant is located in downtown Chicago the center of all attention. Around this restaurant there are many attractions including Millenium Park, train station and also by many offices including Chase Bank building. This location was chosen so that people can not only have the choice of choosing the typical Italian Bistro restaurants that Chicago is known for, but also can have a new sense of an up-scale Japanese Fusion restaurant. There will be three servers, four sushi chefs, and two assistant chefs behind the kitchen, one manager and also one bartender that would be serving only during the dinner shift. How to cite Blue Fin Restaurant, Essay examples

Temporary Migration and Skills Formation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Temporary Migration and Skills Formation. Answer: Introduction The temporary business (Long stay) Visa that is the Subclass 457 temporary skilled work visa had been designed in order to allow employers in Australia to address the issues in relation to the shortage of labors. The visa allows such employers to bring in skilled employees from outside Australia to meet there demands in relation to labor if such labor is not available in Australia. There are a variety of occupations which are eligible to be granted the visa for the purpose of work in Australia. The subclass 457 visa is the most widely used way by employers to enable a non-resident to work in Australia by sponsoring them. With respect to the visa the employer can sponsor the employees for a temporary period and basis. An employee can stay and work in Australia for a period of up to four years through the use of subclass 457 visa program. The holders of a subclass 457 visa allows are allowed to come into and go out of Australia any number to times once they have entered the country for the first time. The visa also allows the holder to bring into the country any of their dependents for the purpose of studying and working in Australia[1]. Oversees or Australian businesses which are not able to meet there demands with respect to skilled employees from the labor market of Australia are able to sponsor oversee skilled employees through the virtue of this visa program with respect to a standard business sponsorship arrangement. The most common route towards sponsoring a prospective 457 subclass visa applicant is the standard business sponsorship arrangements[2]. For the purpose of becoming a standard business sponsor a business has to make an application to the department. Labor arrangements are official agreements which takes place between an employer and Australian government for the purpose of recruiting oversee workers. These agreements were negotiated and got into generally for the purpose of addressing special labor market situation which do not come under standard business sponsor arrangement[3]. The application for subclass 457 visas has to be made by following a three stage application process. Firstly, the employer has to make an approval for the purpose of becoming a standard business sponsor. Through this process the employer is made to nominate a position in relation to a subclass 457 Visa. Secondly, a nomination has to be made by the employer in relation to the position discussed above. Finally a person who has been nominated to work in a nominated occupation has to make an application for the visa[4]. A person or a business has to be an approved standard business sponsor for the purpose of nominating a skilled oversee worker for subclass 475 Visa. During the life of the sponsorship approval a person can make unlimited nominations to sponsor oversees employees to address skilled worker shortage. The approval is usually granted for a period of three years per Australian Business Number. An application for extension of this period can also be made by the businesses. The purpose of the stage is to identify the details of the businesses who have made an application for sponsorship, getting attestation from the employer in relation to their commitments towards employing local labor and deploying employment practices which are nondiscriminatory in nature. A labor agreement has to be entered into by the business with the department if the work is related to meat industry, on-hire industry or a special requires is present which is prevents sponsorship under standard way. There are various obligations which are imposed in the sponsors which include cooperating with the inspectors, ensuring equivalent terms and conditions in relation to employment, paying cost of travel to ensure that the sponsored employee leaves Australia, payment of cost borne by the government for the purpose of locating and removing person who are living in the country unlawfully, record keeping obligation, providing record and obligation to the minister with respect to certain events, ensuring that the sponsored person works only for the nominated occupation. These obligations are valid only for a certain period[5]. The basic point in relation to the 457 visa was that a skilled migrant can be sponsored by an employer without providing any reference to the fact that there is actual shortage of labor or not in the court with respect to such occupation. Thus if an employer has the desire to transfer an existing employee to Australia or employ a relative or a fried while is already in Australia and does not have a permanent visa can fulfill is desire by following the rules of the 457 visas. Only one obligation had been imposed on the employers towards analyzing that the labor is available or not in the local market for the nominated position. Other than the sole obligation the employers were not required to conduct any analysis in relation to the availability of labor[6]. The obligations states that the employers who are seeking employees under the visa must have to get a declaration from the designated Regional Certificating Body that the position sponsored by the employer cannot be filled with the available labor market presently. However what the test meant in practice cannot be clearly understood. Market rates were also not required by the employer to be paid to the employees under the 467 visa. In both US and UK (H-1B and work permits) there is some form of market testing applicable along with the rule of paying wages at a market rate[7]. The visa has been one of the most commonly used visa for used by non-citizens to come to Australia for a purpose of working and enjoying holidays for a certain period which usually lasts for more than a year on an average. The stay although limited to a period of four years can and often is practically extended. The program provided by the subclass 457 visa is expanding in a very rapid manner and has become a continuous and major political issue in the recent times. The visa has now been started to be opposed in a vigorous manner by the Federal Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). Both the parties manifest the visa program as a part of broader industrial relations strategy of the coalition government. The strategy is claimed by the critics to have been implemented in order to shift the balance of power towards the employers with respect to working condition, shift times and wages. It has been suspected by both the parties that the unscrupulo us employers are utilizing the program under 457 visas towards driving down working conditions and wages[8]. The visa also often gets approved at a wage rate which is well below the market rate. A formal request had been made by the ACTU for the purpose of making an investigation into the matter by the federal ombudsman. The request was in relation to analyze whether the mandatory requires through which the visa could be issued are met before the visa is actually issues. In addition it was requested to analyze that the workers who are entering the country with respect to the visa are having their rights abused or not. There was a huge increase of the number of 457 visa which had been granted during the period of 2005-2006. The increase accounted to 40% from the last year and applications of 40000 primary applicants had been received. First time in the history of the immigration department more application for temporary visa had been as compared to permanent skilled visa[9]. Two reasons can be cited for this increase. It was announced by the federal government in May 2006 that General Skilled Migration visas are made available with a few changes to the program as compared to the last year. The visa was majorly driven through the demand of the employers and the visa demand was projected likely to increase which was actually the case as seen in 2016. Unlike the skilled work visa issued in the US which has an annual cap, there is no annual cap for the 457 visa in Australia or any set targets for the government[10]. The promotion of the 457 visa had been done by the government in an aggressive manner which included the outpost of the officials belonging to Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs to industry organization and employer for motivating demand for 457 visas. 20 of such DIMA officers had been out posted in January 2006 and the number has been increasing even since. Other factors which also contributed towards increasing the take up of e mployees by the employer include record low genuine skills, labor shortage unemployment in sectors like resources along with growing and large supply of temporary residents living on other visa and willing to take up subclass 457 visa. With respect to this background the purpose of this paper is to outline the history of 457 Visa, why the visa was popular and the issue leading to the cancelation of the visa[11]. History of 457 Visas Although the demand for permanent stay visa had been have always been high and significant, during the last two decades there have been a significant change to this pattern where the shift has been made towards temporary visa programs. Temporary migration was increasingly seen as the initial step towards the permanent migration in Australia. The pursuit for an onshore visa increased from 15000 in 1998 to 63400 in 2009 and finally 92300 in 2014. In 2008 over one third of the migration programs included those immigrants who came in Australia on a temporary basis. The level of temporary migration was not determined by the government and was mostly driven by present demand as opposed to permanent migration programs[12]. Temporary skilled visa was one of the most significant category along with the student oversee visa which contributed to the increase in temporary migration to Australia in the recent years. There is no limit on the number of 457 visas which imposed by the government to b e granted every year[13]. The number of visas provided was directly proportional to the demand which employers had towards temporary skilled migrant workers along with the will of such employers to provide sponsorship for the migrant employees. The program therefore becomes highly responsive to changes in the demand for labor and economic conditions in the recent years[14]. The Howard administration first introduced the 457 Visa on 1st August 1996, after the party got elected in the same year. However, the initial decision of implementing the 457 visa had been made by the Keating Labor Government. In 1995 September, Senator Nick Bolkus the minister of immigration and ethnic affairs made an announcement that key recommendation made by the roach report had been accepted by the Australian government with respect to temporary skilled visas and is set to change the programs relate to the visa in accordance to the recommendation. These charges were actually the introduction of the new subclass 457 visa regime[15]. A committee which was chaired by Neville Roach who was the Managing director of Fujitsu Australian prepared the roach report. A representative of the ACTU had been included in the committee for the purpose of business interest. The report was also accepted by the new coalition government in form of a blue print for 457 Visa. A radical deregulation i n relation to the temporary entry regime of Australia had been made through the rules of 457 Visa. These also involved significant self-regulations enacted by employers towards the recruitment of foreign nationals[16]. The Australian government before august 1996 operated temporary work visa based on the principle that the grant of visa to non citizen in relation to employment should not hamper the chances of Australian residents to gain access to adequate jobs. The principle was thus incorporated into the visa requirements that the employers take into account appropriate methods of local market labor testing before nominating the position to a non-citizen. The principle and market testing signified that an employer must demonstrate that the position to be taken by a foreign national had been offered initially to an Australian resident and none of such resident had been found suitable for such position[17]. The principles in relation to labor testing had been parted away through the implementation of 457 visas from august 1996 with respect to various employers and skilled labor category but not all of them. The test had been removed completely from the application of 457 visas in 2001 in relation to all eligible occupations and employers. As a tradeoff for the removal of the resident labor market test at the same time several other provisions had been introduced by the government. Firstly the government limited the number of occupations for which the application in relation to subclass 457 visa could be made in Australia[18]. Employer sponsored temporary entry list (ESTEL) which was a list in relation to the occupations eligible for 457 visa was also created which was defined essentially as 457-eligible occupations in significant groups 1-4 in the Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (ASCO). These groups were mainly professionals, associate professionals, managers, related person and tradespersons having certain expectations. However discretion was still retained by the officials of DIMA in relation to granting the visa for those occupations which are not contained in the ESTEL list of occupations. The fundamental for the ESTEL was in relation to the occupation defined in ASCO with respect to a requirement at an entry level for completing a trade certificate (Australian Qualifications Framework Certificate III) or any qualification which is of a higher level and requiring usually a minimum period of three years for the purpose of the course. This standard was not as good when compared to that of the same visa in US, through which a minimum of bachelor level of education is required[19]. In addition a minimum entrance salary had been established for 457 visa which were applicable form 2001 July. Up to this period the grant of subclass 457 visa could be approved at any level or salary. Form this date the visa application was approved by then DIMA only w hen the employer had agreed to pay the holders of the 457 visa a minimum of gross annual base salary including tax but not including superannuation and home allowance[20]. In 2001 the minimum salary in relation to 457 Visa had been set at $34,075 for all occupation which the provisions of an additional review. The level of salary had been derived from Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) which provided the average of weekly earnings, particularly the trend weekly average earning for all employees in any skill category which included categories like unskilled labors not covered by 457 visa and part time workers even through 457 was limited to full time employment[21]. However still as compared to the other bench mark the salary standard provided by subclass 457 visas was low[22]. It was even not up to the mark as compared to the salary of a new graduate having a bachelor degree in all over Australia and nearly less by $8000 compared to the average salary of full time employees as provided by ABS in 2001. In addition, in order to ensure the compliance of the employers with respect to the program under visa 457 the program was significantly expanded by t he government[23]. The light touch self-regulation system which had been introduced in 1996 with respect to the 457 visa was targeted to have replaced totally by the extended compliance program. A policy for the purpose of monitoring a minimum of 10% of the total employers who had been approved as sponsors by the department for 457 visa had been implanted by the DIMA in 2001. The policy was upgraded by the DIMA in 2001 November under which it had been provided to monitor all employees who have been approved under the 457 visa program at least one time during the period the sponsorship was valid for nomination[24]. The new and upgraded policy in relation to the was initiated through the mixture of site visiting to at least one fourth employees working in those industries which are considered as high risk industry in relation to non-compliance and paper based monitoring. A form had been sent by DIMA to the employers of 457 categories which asked to provide a report on their compliance with the undertaking under 457 sponsorships which also included wages. It was provided by the deputy secretary of DIMA in relation to a testimony to the senate estimates committee in May 2006 that a person making an application for subclass 457 visa has to be provided a salary on minimum level as set out through the provisions of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) or the Australian award wage, whichever among the two is more. The four minimum applicable salaries with respect to the visas in 2006 were $41,850 as the ordinary national 457 least amount for all other occupations and $57,300 in chosen Information and Communications Technology (ICT) occupations. The minimum salaries were only applicable on holders of 457 visa applied after the revision had been made[25]. The employer lawfully continued to pay the employers who had been granted the 457 visa before the salaries have been revised at a low rate. However the rates in the mining industry provided to the holders of 457 visas were much more than the aware rates. In various areas of employment which include d professionals, conditions and salaries were determined by the market and not included in award or certified agreements. For instance many TCT professionals were not coved by awards or any similar arrangements. In such circumstances effectively no Australian award wage exits and the DIMA minimum salary or the Gazetted minimum sets out effectively the sole wages to be provided to 457 visa holders. The employers also had the tendency of getting into individual workplace agreements with the employees under subclass 457 visa with respect to any salary which is more than the minimum salary as discussed above. The employers were also required by the DIMA to follow the obligations in relation to workplace relation laws and workplace agreements which the business may get into with the sponsored person. The Fair work Act 2009 provided encouragement to the employers to abide by such actions. According to the comments of the immigration minister in 2006 it can be suggested that keeping a chec k on the rate of inflammation in wages was more important than considering the payment of market rates[26]. It was provided by the immigration minister in 2006 that she is considering implementation of mobile strike team or Flying squads in order to ensure that the employers are complying with the existing provisions. These squads may consist of a team consisting of members from the DIMA and other federal agencies along with the Australian Taxation Office [ATO]. This was also supposed to include an enhanced corporative arrangement between such agencies. It had also been provided by the DIMA officers that the employers had been provided with advanced warnings before a site visit was conducted towards a monitoring program. This warning actually defeated the purpose of the surprise site visit. It had been provided by the DIMA that 8000 employees were present in Australia holding the 457 visa in the year 2006. It was also provided that the NSW department of health was the largest user of the program of 457 Visa. In the year 2001, 60% of the total 475 visa granted had been made onshore which ac counted to 16303 visas in relation to those persons who were already in Australia. Out of such provided visas 3700 application had been granted to those people who already had a 457 visa which indicated that such individuals were either changing occupation or employers or being provided an extended time for the purpose of stay in Australia[27]. Historically the visa has always been in controversy in relation to wages and work conditions. This is because the employers in order to maximize the profits arising out of the business activities tried to minimize the operational cost of the business[28]. This was done by providing less than standard wages to the oversee employees as well as not providing good working conditions which also required significant investments[29]. The migrants also were willingly getting exploited by such worker in their pursuit of obtaining an Australian citizenship. The situation was only highlighted when inquires had been requested by the opposing parties. The employers were always provided an advantage with respect to the bargaining power through the 457 visa program. The visa since the day it had been introduced had been misused on various situations not only by the employer but also the immigrants. The history of the visa and the issues originating out of the program facilitated the abolishment of the program from Australia. The following section discusses why the visa was so popular among the immigrants and what the key issues were which lead to the downfall of the visa[30]. The popularity of the Visa 457 subclass temporary skilled work visa was one of the most popular visa among the immigrants. There were various reasons because of which the visa was considered as a prior option and one of such reason is the legal provisions attached to the visa. For the purpose of understanding why the visa was so popular the legal provisions in relation to the visa has to be understood. The 457 subclass visa allowed a skilled worker who is not a resident of Australia to come to the country and work in a position for which they have been nominated by their approved sponsor for a period of four years. The process of getting such a visa was easy once a person was sponsored by an approved Australian business. The processing time of the visa was also very less. In only five months 75% of the visas were processed and in a period of 10 months 90% of the subclass 457 visas had been processed as updated last on 18th September 2017. There was a combined list of eligible skilled occupations with respect to the 457 visa through which a person could get to stay and work in Australia for a period of two years. In case a person fell out of such list of occupation than the period of stay was reduced to two years. This was the maximum period only if an additional period is not provided for by any other trade obligations. The combined list of occupation contained various occupations namely accountants, advertising managers, aeronautical engineer, agricultural scientist, electronic mechanics, anaesthetist, child care managers, Civil Engineering Draftsperson, Community Worker, Company Secretary, Computer Network Systems Engineer, Construction Project Manager, Counsellors (nec), Dietitian, Drug Alcohol Counsellor, Economist and Environmental Manager. The list also extended to Environmental Manager, Finance Broker, Forester, Gastroenterologist, Health Diagnostic Promotion Professionals (nec), Health Promotion Officer, Horse trainer, ICT Business Development Manager and Management Accountant[31]. Therefore it can be stated that mostly all occupation are contained in the list. This provided a wide range of power the sponsors as they well allowed picking up employees from a wide range of occupations. The visa lets the person work and stay in Australia for a specified period. In addition the visa also allows the visa holder to bring his or her family or dependants t o the country for the purpose of working or studying in Australia[32]. In addition the person also is provided the right to travel in and out of Australia any time they want to when they get this visa. In order to ensure flexibility in the subclass 457 Visa program, a few aspects of the visa program are subjected to alteration from time to time. The aspects which could be changed with respect to time are provided through what is known as the legislative instrument. These instruments are legal mostly legal documents which provide specific rules of the subclass 457 visa program which can be altered by the minister for immigration and border protection. The instruments are provided through the ComLaw website. The links and page lists provide a short description in relation to what is provided through the instrument. These generally include alterations regarding, English language requires, the eligible skilled occupation lists, training benchmarks, employment terms and conditions, exemp tion from directly working for the sponsor and labor market testing[33]. The visa also includes a no further stay condition. According to this condition a person can only stay in Australia till the visa is valid and must leave Australia without any delay after the visa has expired. This condition was rarely as according to the ABS the temporary visa are most likely to be converted into a permanent work visa. The visa application cost also is also one of the factors increasing its popularity. The basic cost which is required for making a 457 visa application is currently at $1080 which is also mostly borne by the employers. The visa applicants in relation to the 457 visa are mostly form countries like India, UK and Canada. The visa like all other visas requires a valid passport along with other essential documents related to traveling. In addition any person who has been nominated by an Australian business and the occupation falling under the list of eligible occupation has the right to make an application under this visa. The visa applicants are also requ ired to meet the skill requirements along with any licensing and registration obligation. The person must also have a specific level of English. It is required to be shown by the applicant that they have the skill and experience required to fill the occupation which have been nominated by the approved worker[34]. The assessment which were required in relation to the visa were basic and thus most on the people who made an application in relation to the visa were eligible to be granted the visa. Thus this provision of the visa also raised its popularity in the world and made Australia one of the most targeted places by skilled workers to work and earn. Population from advanced and developed countries like Canada, UK and US also come to Australia for the purpose of working through the virtue of the 457 visa. The 457 visa program has provided to one of the most significant changes to the flow of Australian immigration during the last two decades. This has been related to the growth of the long term temporary long term migration and particularly for the temporary skilled migration. This visa has become the most general pathway which has been used by the employers to sponsor skilled workers temporarily in Australia. According to the ABS migrants who are covered under the category of this temporary visa are largely transitioning towards permanent residency. This process is referred as a two step migration process. In addition there was no cap on the number of applicant which can be provided by the 457 visa and thus an employer was able to sponsor any number of employees during the life time of their approval. These provisions also enhanced the popularity of the visa because of unlimited number of applicants[35]. The only few requirements which the sponsors required was that they were operating a lawful business in Australia. In addition the businesses also required a training bench mark in relation to providing quality training to the Australian citizens working for them. The commitments of the firms in relation to recruitment of Australian locals also have to be attested by the firms. The employers also need to provide written acknowledgement in relation to implementing ant discriminatory practices within the workplace. The program was also available to the oversees employers in Australia if they were able to demonstrate that they are operating legally within the country and they are in need of skilled workers for the purpose of their business operations and such workers are not available in Australia. Thus the multinational brands which were operating in Australia were provided with the opportunity to transfer their staff working in other countries to Australia. This saved them from the pr ocess of fresh recruitment and training required in relation to the organization. The training requirement which has been imposed on the Australian business in relation to the 457 visa were not imposed on the oversee businesses. This also enhanced the level of staff which were brought into Australia by the oversee businesses through the use of the 457 Visa program. For the purpose of dealing with the situation were the Australian citizens were not getting enough jobs the labor market test was incorporated into the visa compliance program from 2013 November. In relation to the program the approved business sponsor has to manifest his attempt in relation to hiring Australian nationals with respect to the nominated position for the 457 Visa. However such provisions have always been overruled in relation to international treaties like the free trade agreements with china and Japan by which the labor testing provisions were not required. Moreover the labor testing provisions were also no t needed in relation to occupations which have been exempted like all occupation under ANZSCO skill level 1 and 2. The employers were also required to demonstrate that for each employee holding the 457 visa, they are giving equal pay and working conditions which would be provided to an Australian worker doing the same work in the same position which is also known as the market salary rate. The market salary rate test is also not imposed where the remunerating position of the employer is in excess of $250,000. The employer through the use of the program was able to provide low salary to the foreign nationals as they would have to pay to the Australian nationals in case they had been employed by them. In July 2016, under the scheme the lowest salary which have been accepted to be valid was $53900 which was also known as Temporary Skilled Migration Income Threshold. This step made the visa even more popular as the salary was low, as well as it ensured that the holders of 457 visas woul d be able to provide for themselves while working in Australia. The salary had been subjected to immense criticism and an independent review had been ordered in relation to the salary in April 2016. The reports of the investigation had not been disclosed in public[36]. The pledge of the government to treat the workers who were the holders of 457 visa in the same way as Australian workers by providing them with the same minimum conditions also enhanced the popularity of the visa among the non-Australian citizens. The conditions included situations related to overtime, rest breaks, sick leaves, holidays and working hours[37]. The visa holders were also provided the right to join and be represented by a worker union. They had also been provided the right to fair treatment which included protection from unfair dismissal, discrimination against sex, religion, race sexual orientation, pregnancy or the membership of trade union. As on 31st maach 2016 there were about 177400 person who held the Subclass 457 visa in Australia. Out of this number the number of primary visa holder was 97766 and the number of secondary visa holders was 79634. Secondary visa holders constituted the dependents of the primary visa holders. The largest number of the primary visa holders as of march 2016 were working in NSW (40435) which was followed by Victoria and Western Australia. Food service industry is found to have the largest number of 457 visa holders employed followed by media and telecommunication. The major countries whose citizens are the primary visa holders include India followed by UK, China and Ireland. Through the above discussion it can be stated that there were several reasons why the visa had become popular in the country. Firstly it was not possible to get permanent residency in Australia. The process was very expensive and had strict regulations to be complied with in order to be granted permanent residency in Australia. The process is relation to a temporary stay visa in Australia was not as complicated as the permanent visas. The introduction of the 457 visa provided a gateway for the immigrants to come to Australia. In addition the visa had provisions through which a residency could be transferred from temporary to permanent residency. Subsequently these two step processes become a popular way of getting permanent residency in Australia[38]. On the other had it was very feasible for the employers to appoint oversee workers as they did not have to comply with the same standards related to working conditions for them as well as the minimum salary requirement which they would have to do in relation to the Austrian employees. The low level of legal compliance made the grant of this visa application very easy and thus there was a significant increase in the number of visa application made and granted in relation to the subclass 457 Visa[39]. Issues with the 457 Visa This section of the paper discusses the major issues in relation to the 457 visa which lead to the abolishment of the program. Tis part also discusses the major proposed changes in relation to the new program. The 457 visa as discussed above requires a sponsor. The sponsor has to be an Australian business. The business can only be a sponsor when it has been approved by the department. In the given situation it was very easy for the businesses to get an approval for the purpose of becoming an approved business sponsor in Australia. The business had the power to ensure that they can target any employee all over the world to work for them citing that there is a shortage of labor for such occupation in Australia. This shortage was nothing but what has been created by the employers themselves that they could bring in people from outside Australia pay them less and make more profits. The real purpose of the visa which was to address the position of skilled labor shortage in Australia has been misused since the visa program had been brought to existence. In addition the provisions to bring in dependents along with the visa holder also raised the popularity of the visa as the holders were allowed to travel with to Australia with their families[40]. In Australia the 457 visa was used by the Australian or Overseas employees as the most common visa for the purpose of sponsoring skilled overseas workers to enable them for working in Australia for a temporary basis. At present the visa is at a stage of being abolished by the government of Malcolm Turnbull. The visa when initiated was known as temporary business (long stay) and as discussed above was introduced as soon as John Howard became the Prime Minister of Australia in the year 1996. The name of the visa was changed to temporary work skilled subclass 457 visa dated 24th November 2012. All applications in relation to the 457 visa were processed by the department of immigration and border protection itself. It was announced by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull on the 18th of April 2017 that the 457 visa is going to be replaced with two new categories of visa[41]. The 457 skilled immigrant visa was reviewed by the Australian government and after such review provisions were enacted to enhance the transition towards permanent residency which started on 1st July 2012. With the start of this date workers who are the holders of 457 skill immigrant visa were able to transition towards a permanent residency in case they have already worked for 2 years with their sponsor employer and the employer has the desire to provide them full time employment with respect to the position which was nominated for the visa. Fair work ombudsman conducted in audit between September 2013 and June 2014 with respect to the 457 subclass visa. It was found by the audit that 40% of the total 457 visa holders did not work for their employers any longer and in addition these workers were paid very well below the minimum statutory wage of dollars 53900. When the Japan free trade agreement was concluded in 2015 the obligation imposed on the employers to offer job to the local b efore nominating such position for a subclass 457 visa was removed. Through this agreement the employees were no longer required to provide jobs to the local Australian residence before providing such jobs do citizens of Japan Hoover eligible for the subclass 457 visa. Recommendations was released by the department of immigration and border protection in December 2014 to provide relaxation to the requirements in relation to 457 visa. A few of the recommendations included the extension related to the 6 months short term work visa to a period of 12 months without having any obligation of making an application of a 457 visa. This change has been criticized by the construction Forestry mining and energy Union on the basis that the requirements for skill test and English language with respect to the 457 visa are being avoided and there would be no demonstration required by the employers too many face that they made an attempt to fill such vacancies by local Australian workers[42]. It was announced by the Australian government on 18th April 2017 that the temporary work skilled visa subclass 457 will be replaced and abolished buy completely new visa in March 2018 which would be known as the new temporary skill shortage visa. The visa has been initiated to provide support to the businesses for the purpose of addressing actual shortage of skill towards their workplace along with prioritizing Australian workers to the number of safeguards included in them. The visa is said to be issued for a period of 2 years on a short-term stream and 4 years on a midterm stream[43]. Some of the major changes in relation to the subclass 457 visa programs are provided in this section of the paper. The new Visa comes with a enhanced and more targeted list of occupation which ensures better alignment with the needs of skill with respect to the labour market of Australia, the new Visa has provided and requirement through which an experience of minimum 2 years would be required by those persons who have been nominated by the Australian sponsor for a position. The visa also requires a minimum market salaries great through which it would be insured that the employees do not engage overseas workers with the intention of undercutting Australian workers. The new Visa also reinforces the mandatory testing of labour market provision until and unless such testing is prohibited by international agreements. The visa provides only 1 on shore visa renewal with respect to the short-term stream. The visa also provides renewal on shore capacity along with a pathway for permanent res idency after 3 years have passed with respect to the midterm stream. Therefore the eligibility period for permanent residency have been increased from 2 years to 3 years. A work first test has been introduced which is nondiscriminatory in nature in order to ensure that the employees do not indulge in this discriminatory actions against the Australian workers. The visa has also made from the requirements with respect to the employers towards making a contribution with respect to the training of Australian workers. In addition tax file number along with data will be collected by the department of immigration and border protection and would be scrutinized against the Australian tax office record. The visa also requires a penal clearance certificate on a mandatory basis. Moreover certain requirements which were present in the previous 457 subclass visa have been retained and tightened in relation to the new Visa. The requirements in relation to English language have been tightened. The applicants under the new Visa scheme would be required to have a minimum of 3 years work experience in relation to the position nominated by the Australian employer. The maximum age requirement which have been set in relation to the visa is of 45 years and any applicant over the age of 45 years would not be able to make an application for the new visa. Contributions of the employees in relation to the training provided to the Australian workers have also been tightened. The new temporary skilled migration income threshold has to be met by the Australian or Overseas employers along with an obligation to pay Australian market salary rate to the visa holders. For the purpose of reflecting the skill needs an employer in the regional Australia would be provided continued access to occupation with respect to temporary and permanent visa. There would be provisions for providing existing permanent visa concession with respect to regional Australia. This may include actions like providing ag e sanctions with respect to certain occupation and waiving the nomination fee. Consideration would also be provided towards the expansion of occupation with respect to regional Australia which are exempted from requirement[44]. The present 457 visa holders are not to be affected by the changes made in relation to the new program by the government. The short term visa would be provided two general occupations whereas the mid-term visa would be provided for highly skilled occupations. It has been provided by the Prime Minister that the new system has been rigorously, resolutely and manifestly conducted in the interest of the nation. It has also been added by the Prime Minister that the changes and Reforms focuses on providing job to the existing Australian nationals. It has also been provided by Peter Dutton who is the immigration Minister that the government is likely to reduce the number of occupations which are made available with respect to the 2 year visa. It has been provided by the Minister that the open and did nature of the scheme with respect to the 457 visa would be ended when the new changes are introduced. A grandfathering arrangement for the present visa holders have also been talked about by th e Minister. It was provided by the Minister that the present 457 visa program which is conducted for a period of 4 years is open ended in nature and therefore often results in migration outcome. The new Visa scheme would ensure that the employees are provided a 2 years visa scheme with respect to temporary skill shortage but permanent residency would not be provided to search visa holders after the visa has come to an end. There have been various issues in relation to the 457 visa specially related to the fast food chains where the government provided that it is willing to scrap the Fast-track arrangements in the industry with respect to the 457 skilled work visa application. There was also problems which have been indicated in relation to the list of Jobs available for skilled migrants with respect to the subclass 457 visa. The list of job available in Australia were wide as compared to some of the other countries like UK and US which required high qualification positions were only covered by skilled work visa. The major issues which was faced in Australia with respect to the grant of subclass 457 visa was in relation to occupations like cooks, cafe managers and chefs. The roles are said not to be available with respect to the schemes for coffee shops and other fast food outlets along with those drinking establishments through which only unlimited food services are offered. The aim of the new Visa would be only to ensure that the employees are able to fill those vacancies which are difficult for them to be field by the Australian local rather than misusing the visa program to increase business profits and providing extended stay to their friends and relatives in Australia[45]. In the year 2013 the establishment of an independent review had been announced by the Abbott government into the 457 visa program. an obligation had been imposed on the review through with it had to find out ways for enhancing the integrity of the program while diminishing the red-tape and the burden of compliance imposed on the businesses towards who want to utilize the program. The result of the review had been published in the Robust New Foundations: a streamlined, transparent and responsive system for the 457 visa program in 2014 September. Twenty two recommendations had been provided by the report in relation to the 457 visa program. The focus of the recommendations was towards increasing and streamlining flexibility in the visa application and sponsorship process along with the improvement of compliances by the sponsors. Support had been provided by the government in relation to the recommendations from the report towards all the recommendations except two[46]. The two recommen dations were in relation to abolishing the labor market test along with the expanding the list if nations which are not required to take up the English testing test. The program had undergone several reforms towards its provisions since the recommendations. The major changes included altering the requirements in relation to English language in order to provide additional flexibility towards complying the requirements. It was also made an offence under the penal code to receive, ask for , provide or offer payments or any other consideration in return of providing a visa sponsorship[47]. Ever since the visa had been introduced one of the major concerns in relation to the visa was related to the vulnerability of foreign nationals workers towards abuse and exploitation. There have been many cases reported in relation to exploitation and abuse by the media and unions over the years the visa program has been in palace. However it is not easy to determine the full extent of the problem[48]. The complete review conducted in 2008 known as the Visa Subclass 457 Integrity Review provided the actual nature of the vulnerability. This was because the right of the sponsored employees to stay in Australia was actually depending up the employers who the used to work for. This not only provided the employers an opportunity to blackmail and exploit the visa holders but also prevented the visa holders from reporting against the abuse of the employers. This subsequently provided that the cases related to exploitation by the employers largely goes unrecorded and untraceable. According t o a report provided by a recent senate standing committee inquiry with respect to the effect of temporary visa program in Australia in relation to the labor market along with temporary visa holders, exploitation was major concern for the temporary migrants[49]. The report was known as A National Disgrace: The Exploitation of Temporary Work Visa Holders. Several recommendations had been provided by the senate which aimed to enhance the protection given to the temporary migrants in the workplace. With respect to numerous allegations and concerns with respect to potential exploitation the Fair Work Australia was provided the responsibility of monitoring compliance with the obligations of the sponsors for ensuring workers are working in the position they have been nominated for and are being provided salary at the market salary rate[50]. Conclusion According to P OBrien if there are two evils to choose from, a person must always chose the one they have never tried before[51]. It has also been stated by Martin Luther King Jr injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. The 457 visa program has been brought into existence to meet the issue in relation to the shortage of labour in Australia. It never had the intention to provide jobs to oversee people on the first of Australian national. The history of this visa manifest at there have been several attempts made towards rectifying any defect depicted by the visa. Most of the defects would have been I dressed appropriately if there was a standard of legal compliance observed by the authority as well as the employers. The visa was never the less use for purposes with it had no intention to address. Firstly the visa was used to make temporary residence in Australia become permanent residents. This was because the visa had provision through which a person was able to make an a pplication with respect to a permanent visa while they were on a temporary skilled work visa. In addition the visa provided a power to the employer through which he had authority to make a person stay in Australia even after the visa had expired through an extension. The provisions of the visa were designed in such a way as to provide higher level authority to the employers. The employer had been imposed with the responsibility of sponsoring a person to Australia for the purpose of work. The responsibility signify that a person could not be given the skilled 457 visa if he was not sponsored by an approved Australian or Overseas employer. Where there is discretionary power it is evident that it would lead to exploitation and abuse. In the same way the employer started to abuse the employees. Firstly as the employers controlled the right of the employee to stay in Australia there was blackmailing the employees and exploiting. As the employers had been provided with the responsibility of sponsoring a person to Australia they were provided the opportunity to charge payments and other considerations from the employees in return of sponsoring them to Australia. The blackmailing which was initiated by the employers who was mostly related to providing the employees with wages which are not only unacceptable by law but also not enough for a person to stay properly in Australia. Another way the employers for exploiting the employees was by providing them in appropriate working conditions. These conditions were often related to the time for work, the place of work, leaves, superannuation and other working benefits. The workers were not provided appropriate leaves, they were not provided adequate rest breaks, they were not given enough salary, the working condition provided to them where not safe, they were often made to work overtime and they were continuously kept under a said that if they do not obey the orders of the employer the sponsorship is going to get cancelled and they have to be travelling back to their country of origin. These actions which the employers indulged into was not only abusive towards the immigrants employees but also a threat to the Australian culture of harmony. There were several provision in active to get these evils out of the 457 visa program. The government had introduced minimum salary which had to be paid to the Employees while they were on a 457 visa. However it was found by independent reviews that not only was the salary inadequate for a person to properly stay in Australia but also even such base salary was not provided to the Employees by the employer. For the purpose of making profit the employers more than often indulged in violating the provisions of law. The government also made an attempt to initiate the provisions regarding the introduction of flying guards or surprise Strike squads in order to ensure that the employers are complying with the duties imposed on them. However according to the reports consid ered by the department the employees were given prior notice before search investigations were made in relation to the workplace so that they were provided educate time to alter the workplace conditions in favour of the employees. The government has also made an order to provide the immigrant workers with the same working conditions as it was provided to the Australian national. However the provision resulted in very insignificant or no changes to the working conditions of the 457 visa holders. This was because such visa holders did not have the power to raise their voice against the employer. They have the knowledge that the right to stay in Australia is in the hands of the employer and if there is there Voice in relation to the working conditions they might be reported to their original countries if the sponsorship is cancelled. Therefore it can be concluded that the bargaining power of the employer in relation to the visa was in excess to be able to get bored the parties to the e mployment contract balanced and subsequently abuse and exploitation became evident. Another issue because of which the 457 visa was regarded as an evil rather than good was the condition of Australian citizen employees. Through the visa program it was evident that the Australian as well as Overseas employees were getting labours at a very cheap rate. On the other hand the employers have to provide the Australian national enhance working conditions along with salary at a statutory rate which was known as the market rate. They also had to comply with several legal provisions while the employees Australian nationals in the workplace. It was very easy for them to evade the responsibility imposed on them by law with respect to the 457 visa holders. This was because they had the knowledge that whatever they do the holders are not going to complain. The Australian workers on the other hand would have no such pressure from the employers and would not have hesitated to raise their voice against them cause if it was found that they were while eating legal provisions in relati on to the salary and other working conditions. Moreover the low level of salary is required to be provided to the 457 visa holders also made the visa very popular among the Australian as well as Overseas business sponsors. They would make more profit by employing 457 visa holders rather than Australian nationals. This actions by the employer defeated the whole purpose of the 457 visa which was to meet the shortage of labour in Australia. The actions that is to result in unemployment for the Australian national which was not at all for seen while the visa was brought into existence. One of the main reason why the visa has been abolished by the present government was to ensure that the employment rights of the Australian National are provided to them. The labour market testing which is a prominent aspect of similar visas in other countries like United Kingdom and United States was also present in the 457 visa program was implemented in a very weak manner. On various occasions either t he employees where exempted from conducting the labour market test or if the test was implemented it was not strictly complied with. The basic reason of the test was to identify that whether the position which has been nominated for by the sponsored business could be filled by the locally available labour. The employers in order to evade the obligations under this test used to nominate such positions which were not made by the available local labour but used to make the 457 visa holders do other words which would have been easily done by the local labour in the virtue of that position. Independent reviews conducted in relation to workplace often found that the 457 visa holders are being made to work out of their positions by the employers. Moreover rather than searching for label in the local market the overseas approve businesses started to bring in staff from other countries where the business operate in order to make more profit as they were able to save significant amount of mon ey with respect to training, working conditions and wages. These actions defeated the purpose of the labour market test by the employers and started to create unemployment in Australia. Corruption was another evident Evil which was found in the 457 visa program. The corruption was not only limited to the employers but also extended to the government officials as well. The employers demanded consideration from the employees so that they can provide them sponsorship in relation to the 457 visa. There was even corruption on the part of the employers towards graining approval in relation to the 457 visa sponsorship. As discussed above not only was the visa used to bring in stuff from other branches of the business to Australia but it was also used by businesses to give permanent residency to their friends and relatives were already staying in Australia by the virtue of some other. The 457 visa had the provisions that throughout two way process a temporary Residency could be transferred into a permanent residency. This was one of the most significant reasons why permanent resident visa were no longer as popular in Australia as compared to the temporary resident visa. The purpose of the visa was to address temporary shortage of labour in Australia however it was more than often used by people to convert temporary Residency into permanent residency as it was very easy to get the temporary visa and a gate way to come into Australia. The visa program was there for rightly scraped by government for the good of the Australian community. 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"Precarious experiences of Indians in Australia on 457 temporary work visas."The Economic and Labour Relations Review24.3 (2013): 340-361. Wright, Chris F. "Why do states adopt liberal immigration policies? The policymaking dynamics of skilled visa reform in Australia."Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies41.2 (2015): 306-328. www.border.gov.au (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.border.gov.au/WorkinginAustralia/Documents/abolition-replacement-457.pdf [Accessed 8 Oct. 2017]. Zubaran, Carlos, and Susan Douglas. "Peers or pariahs? The quest for fairer conditions for international medical graduates in Australia."Med J Aust201 (2014): 509-10. Zubaran, Carlos. "Balancing the Act."Monash bioethics review29.3 (2011): 19-30.

Moodle and Blackboard A Comparison and Contrast Essay Example

Moodle and Blackboard: A Comparison and Contrast Paper This educator Is to propose the potential learning management system (ALMS) for the School District. After much pondering, this educator narrowed the ALMS choices to either Blackboard or Model. With the intent to identify, which ALMS system would best serve the needs of the faculty and students, this educator examined both options and reached a conclusion. This educator recommends Model be designated as the sole learning management system for the School District. These recommendations are based on how fiscally responsible this decision to choose either Blackboard or Model. Background Learning Management Systems Is a software system that delivers coursework online. The School District already provides an optional website though Dweeb 2. 0 (Web 2. 0 platform) and AERIES (Student Information System). The Instance has arisen for the School District to collaboratively evaluate and adopt an updated ALMS software for the 21st century, with either Model or Blackboard. Introduction Both Model and Blackboard offer standard ALMS functionality, integrated learning outcome, a mobile polling app, an ISO course app, language localization, and a plug- in video-recording option. Additionally, both Model and Blackboard offer free Administrative Support, but charge for Secure Socket Layer (yearly fee), Hosting Fee (yearly fee), and Mobile Set-up (one-time fee). However, Blackboard is a Commercial ALMS that does not offer global support, but offers an Android course app. We will write a custom essay sample on Moodle and Blackboard: A Comparison and Contrast specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Moodle and Blackboard: A Comparison and Contrast specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Moodle and Blackboard: A Comparison and Contrast specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Blackboard charges course delivery, test Instance, and content/community fees. On the other hand, Model Is an open source ALMS with global support and free course delivery, test Instance, and content/community. However, Model charges one-time fees and does not have an Android course app. This provides data to make an informed session about whether the School District should purchase either Blackboard or Model as its new Learning Management System; the systems were compared and contrasted. This comparison and contrast features cost effectiveness, ALMS functionality, app support, product support, and instances of use. ALMS Options: Blackboard and Model Educational processes within a technology-based environment are managed by Learning Management System software. The purpose of the ALMS Is toward consolidation and providing a single, common Infrastructure to manage and track learning and development initiatives across the multiple organization yester that delivers coursework online. Both Blackboard and Model are learning management systems. These Alms are extremely popular. For e-learning programs to work, no matter whether they are produced in print, multi-media, or on-line, designers and developers must build a course with a strong foundation in these three pillars of e-learning [androgyny (how well adults learn), support (what help do they need) and logistics (how to reach learners with timely learning resources and support)] (Swan 2012). Both Blackboard and Model Alms focus on androgyny, support, and logistics. Blackboard and Model: A Comparison (yearly fee), and Mobile Set-up (one-time fee). The comparison matrix is shown below in Table 1 gives a clear view of the similarities between Model and Blackboard. Features Blackboard Model Standard ALMS Functionality Mobile Polling App ISO Course App Language Localization Plug-Len Video-Recording Secure Socket Layer (500$) Administrative Support (free) Hosting Fee Mobile Set-up Fees Both Model and Blackboard offer a standard ALMS functionality. A standard ALMS includes student enrollment in courses, restricted access, customization enabled, ability to upload files (e. G. Word docs, Powering, audio files), linking to external web sites, allows zip course, and provides on CD to students (Learning Systems Support 2009). Additionally, a standard ALMS is SCORE compliant, has a discussion forum, has synchronous chat, has testing, has a drop box, has course calendar, has grades, allows for monitoring student participation, allow for copy course over from semester, and has customized template (Learning Systems Support 2009). Important features both of these Alms offers are integrated learning outcomes and language localization. Integrated learning outcomes establish the foundation and direction for the program. In addition, language localization allows students to learn in their native language. Additionally, they offer optional plug-in video recording and mobile APS. Moreover, both of these Alms require similar security, hosting, and mobile fees. Finally, Model and Blackboard offer free administrative support. Blackboard is a Commercial ALMS that does not offer global support, but offers an Android course app. Blackboard charges course delivery, test instance, and content/ community fees. On the other hand, Model is an open source ALMS with global purport and free course delivery, test instance, and content/community. However, Model charges one-time fees and does not have an Android course app. The contrast matrix is shown below in Table 2 gives a clear view of Blackboard and Models differences. Commercial ALMS Open Source ALMS Global Support Course Delivery Fee Test Instance (free) Content/Community Fee Android course app One-time fees Cheaper Overall Price Both Model and Blackboard represent two different types of Alms: open source and commercial. Open source Alms are software available to the public and the code can be modified. Open Source Alms are flexible and customizable, with no license or hardware costs. Most can connect to both social media sites and mobile platforms. On the other hand, Commercial ALMS are software available to the public, but the code is not public. Commercial Alms are flexible and customizable, but have license and hardware costs. One important feature that Model offers is global support, which Blackboard lacks. Global support means that that software and any technological issues are solved quickly. Additionally, Model offers free test instance, but Blackboard charges a fee. Test instances means how quickly the test is able to e accessed quickly. One important feature that Blackboard has is an Android course app, and Model does not have this app. Moreover, Blackboard and Model fees differ. Blackboard fees include a course delivery fee, a test instance fee, and content/ community which cost a school 34,600$ a year. However, Model requires one-time fees of 5,150$. Key Considerations According to the CSS Channel Islands Academic Technology Services (TATS) Dare to Compare: Blackboard 9 to Model: A Learning Management Systems Evaluation Annual Pricing: Secure Socket Layer (500$ a year), Administrative support (free), Testing Instance (free), and per-user price to host and deliver Meddlesome power 2011). Additionally, there are one time Fees: Flex page (3,400$), setup and configuration (1750$), mobile set-up (7,600$), Course conversion (175,000$), single Sign-on integration and Course integration (6,700$) (TATS 2011). This study can be misleading because the school is converting courses from Blackboard, so otherwise it is 40,850$ (TATS 2011). Furthermore, according to the CSS Channel Islands Academic Technology Services (TATS) Dare to Compare: Blackboard 9 to Model: A Learning Management Systems Evaluation Report, Blackboard costs for 400 students about 177,484$ for 2 years. Blackboard includes Annual Pricing: Administrative support (free), Course Delivery (11600$), Hosting (46,642$ ), Test Instance (13,000$), Secure Socket Layer(500$), Content/Community (10,000$ ), and mobile set-up (7,000$). Recommendations This educator strongly recommends Model be designated as the sole learning management system for the School District. These recommendations are based on how fiscally responsible this decision to choose either Blackboard or Model. The overall cost of Model is more cost effective than Blackboard. Blackboard and Model cost different. Model costs upfront 23,450$ and 10,700$ a year on for 3,400 students, while Blackboard costs upfront 88,742$ and 88,742$ a year on for 3400 students. Upfront Models cost per student is about 6. 90$ upfront and 3. 5$ a year on, Blackboard costs per student is about 26. 10$ upfront and 26. 10$ a year on. Conclusions Blackboard includes a standard ALMS functionality, integrated learning outcome, a mobile polling app, an Android/Los course app, built-in video-recording (its a plug- in), and language localization. Blackboard does not offer both Android/Los grading app, and global support. On the other hand, Model offers standard ALMS nationality, integrated learning outcome, a mobile polling app, an ISO course app, language localization, built-in video-recording (its a plug-in), and global support.

Dominican Immigrants in America Essay Sample

Dominican Immigrants in America Essay Sample Dominican Immigrants in the U.S. Essay Sample Dominican Immigrants in the U.S. Essay Sample The Dominican Republic is an agro-industrial country with the rapidly growing economy. In terms of economic growth, the country occupies one of the first places in Latin America. Tourism is a leading source of foreign exchange earnings. The spheres of telecommunications, free trade zone and manufacturing are the most important sectors, although agriculture still occupies a large part of the country’s economy. After a decade of almost zero growth in the 80s, there is a boom of the Dominican economy with the growth of economic indicators by 7.7% per year on average. Despite the fact that the gross domestic product has tripled in the last decade, 70% of the population suffers from poverty and unemployment (Phillips and Gritzne 70). However, the government, along with foreign aid, seeks to improve the economic situation of the country. Economy of the Country The Dominican Republic was discovered in 1493 by Christopher Columbus. Nowadays, the country is a native land to a great number of indigenous peoples. The Dominican Republic has a population of about 10 million people. They are people from Asia, Africa, Syria, and Europe. The biggest cities are Santiago de los Caballeros and Santo Domingo. There are about 50% of young people under the age of 20 years. The average life expectancy is about 74 years (Jaramillo and Sancak 8). The Dominican Republic is a country with a flourishing economy. Economic growth is the highest in Latin America. â€Å"The rapid recovery of the Dominican Republic’s economy contrasts with other countries in the Caribbean and Central America, which are experiencing much less growth† (International Monetary Fund 17). The economic development in the Dominican Republic was largely associated with the adoption of sane macroeconomic policies and larger openness to foreign investments. â€Å"The Dominican Republic had favorable growth trends between 1960 and 2000, largely fueled by productivity gains and capital accumulation† (Jaramillo and Sancak 10). The growth turned negative in 2003 (-0.4%) due to the effects of major bank fraud and lower demand in the United States for products of Dominican producers. The administration of President Mejia was unable to stop the decline of economic indicators. In January 2005, under the new president Leonel Fernandez, the country received the recommendations of the International Monetary Fund in the field of tax legislation. In 2003-2004, Dominican peso fell to historically low levels in the currency markets. Nevertheless, it significantly strengthened after the election of President Leonel Fernandez. The inflation rate fell to 9% per year. Fernandez’ administration efforts led to the improvement of the economic situation. Nevertheless, it happened not in all sectors. The objectives of reforms in the energy sector and the financial markets were not achieved. Statistical data of the Central Bank show 10.8% growth in 2006 with 5.0% inflation. The Central Bank considers that the economy grew by 7.9% in the first six months of 2007 with an inflation rate of 5.9% (Phillips and Gritzne 71-72). â€Å"In 2008, the country’s GDP was estimated to have been about $ 77 billion† (Phillips and Gritzne 71). In 2013, the volume of GDP was $ 61.16 billion. The growth rate in 2013 was 4.6%. The country’s share in the world economy is 0.07%. The unemployment rate is 17%. In 2014, inflation reached 3% (The Dominican Republic). The Dominican Republic has a great external debt. A significant amount of public debt restrains the growth of economic well-being of the country. The balance of trade is at the level of the deficit. The United States is the most important trading partner of the Dominican Republic. Japan, Western Europe, and Canada are also foreign trade partners of the country (The Dominican Republic). The Dominican Republic, like any other country, faces a number of problems. Unemployment is one of them. In the Dominican Republic, about 17% of the population is unemployed. This number exceeds the world average index. Nevertheless, it is still not extremely high. In the long term, this problem can be solved. However, the main and most difficult problem is poverty. The share of the poor population is about 30%. To solve the problem of poverty, the government actively cooperates with the World Bank. For example, on July 6, 1999, the World Bank provided a loan for the next three years in the amount of $ 360 million to fight against poverty. Strategies have been developed, according to which the World Bank will support the economic and social development of the country. These strategies have been focused on investing in the health and education sectors, as well as on the reform of telecommunications, sanitary support, and other institutions. These reforms are aimed at establishing a cl ear policy, more effective management and delivery of services. The World Bank approved the project at $ 42 million aimed at providing educational opportunities to children from low-income families. The Dominican Republic also receives credits from the IMF to struggle with the global financial crisis. IMF recommends the Dominican Republic to widen the tax base and diminish tax exemptions (International Monetary Fund 21). The Dominican Republic has a hard condition of education. â€Å"The provision of a quality public education is one of the Dominican Republic’s most fundamental challenges† (IBP 86). In 2010, the Dominican Republic, and the Inter-American Development Bank signed several arrangements on financial encouragement for educational drafts in the country. The amount of funds amounted to $ 150 million. According to the first arrangement, a credit of $ 100 million was intended for the development of the productivity of the school timetable and classes at schools, as well as the development of the digestibility of the material. Under the second agreement, a loan of $ 50 million was aimed at supporting the plan for the improvement of education in the Dominican Republic for the next decade. According to the plan, it is necessary to improve the results of students in mathematics, writing, and reading. The funds were also used to purchase new equipment and materials for schools (IBP 86 ). The health system of the Dominican Republic is greatly developed. In accordance with the agreement on the integration with the United States, new and modern equipment for operations and diagnostics was brought to the Dominican Republic. Many doctors are trained in different countries. In addition to public hospitals, private clinics are also widely developed (Boslaugh 135). A system of insurance is widespread. â€Å"The Dominican Republic has a universal medical benefits system and a social insurance system proving cash benefits to the employed and pensioners† (Boslaugh 135). In many cases, it covers 100% of the cost of medicines. The traditional branches of industry are food (sugar production), mining and processing of metals and metal-containing raw materials (gold, bauxite, and iron-ore), and cement production. â€Å"The country was once known primarily for sugar production, but today, mining, manufacturing, services, and tourism are some of the most important industries† (Phillips and Gritzne 71). Tourism is the most important source of foreign exchange earnings. At present, tourism is one of the most significant sources of income of the Dominican Republic. Annually, more than 3 million tourists visit the country. Free Trade Zones Free trade zones began to appear in the second half of the last century as an alternative to the fading sugar industry. The drop in demand for sugar together with an increase in oil prices in this period led to a critical situation in the economy of the Dominican Republic. Free trade zones have been established by the government for the development of economic potential and promotion of the inflow of foreign investment. Currently, free trade zones provide a very substantial profit. Textiles, clothing, and small electronic products are exported. Companies are exempt from the state taxes and customs duties on raw materials and finished products. In 2006, over 350 thousand people were occupied on the enterprises of the free trade zones. The enterprises, which are mainly textile and garment factories, provide 80% of the national trade imports (Pinon, Mejia, Garza and Delgado 118-119). Agriculture of the Dominican Republic Agriculture in the Dominican Republic provides almost half of the national income and a large amount of export earnings (Foley and Jermyn 38). The main agricultural products of the Dominican Republic are sugarcane, coffee, cotton, cocoa, tobacco, corn, tropical fruit, and others. â€Å"The Dominican Republic raises enough livestock for domestic use as well as export† (Foley and Jermyn 43). Livestock is cows, pigs, goat, horses, donkeys, and others. In the north of the Dominican Republic, there are plantations of cocoa, which has gradually become an important export item. In the area of Santiago tobacco is grown. It is also exported. The tobacco and food industries account for about 75% of the value of manufactured goods. The most developed industry is the production of sugar. On the state-owned 12 sugar factories, 70% sugar is made. Sugar was the main source of income of the Dominican Republic. However, after the negative changes in the sugar market, the government decided to promote other crops suitable for export – coffee, cocoa, tobacco, and tropical fruit. More than 40% of the area of the Dominican Republic is set aside for agricultural use and pastures. With the improvement of breeds of cattle, the country has become a supplier of meat to neighboring islands. About half of the agricultural land belongs to the group of large landowners and the government (Foley and Jermyn 41-42). After a decade of almost zero growth in the 80s, there is the boom of the Dominican economy, with the growth of economic indicators by 7.7% per year on average. Nowadays, tourism is the basis of the economy. The export of sugar, coffee, and tobacco is also of great importance. The economic growth of the Dominican Republic is one of the highest in Latin America. Nevertheless, the country still faces numerous problems. Despite the developed industries, poverty and unemployment are not rare in the Dominican Republic. The share of the poor population includes about 30%. Dominican Immigrants in the United States In the article, R.S. Oropesa and L.Jensen raised the prominent topic of immigration and discrimination of Dominicans in the United States, putting a spotlight of the research on the new destinations, assimilation and incorporation processes. The main thesis of the article authors present is that the observed diversification of immigrant destinations in the United States brings new experiences of interpersonal and institutional discrimination, which are determined by racial markers, forms of capital and incorporation, along with exposures to the United States. The Dominican immigrants seem to be a bright example of the minority that recently have been changing the place of residence on the territory of the USA. In their desperate attempt to start a new prosperous life, displeased Dominicans leave their long-suffering homeland and noisy oversaturated with immigrants New York, making Reading, Pennsylvania the most growing city in the number of Dominicans in the whole country (p.277). Based on the official statistics authors claim that the Hispanic group takes 37 percent of all the population of Reading, diversified in three main subgroups: Puerto Ricans, Mexicans and Dominicans. When taking a quick glance on the comparison of social and economic conditions of three main Hispanic groups in the city, it becomes clear that Dominicans are the most disadvantaged group, which suffers a lot more than other Hispanics from poverty and unemployment (p.276). Dominican Immigrants and Discrimination Apart from the evident low socioeconomic status, the authors investigate the discrimination the Dominicans face. As a result, the significant majority of the Dominican immigrants appears to be treated unjustly because of their race and ethnicity, which is a result of the unreceptive attitude of the local people and institutions in the place of immigration (p.280). Furthermore, different types of discrimination influence the intensification of the assimilation processes of Dominicans. In order to support the thesis, authors signify that discrimination is especially relevant to Dominicans since they are â€Å"Spanish speakers with phenotypical characteristics that are associated with African ancestry† (p. 277, 281). Authors claim that being appraised as blacks because of the skin color, Dominicans get associated with the underclass, and, as a result, face problems on the different levels of social life. The recent reports claim that the discrimination on the racial and ethnic ba sis is a major problem Dominicans face in the American host society (p.280-281). In fact, it is hard to dispute the numbers indicating the unpleasant experiences Dominican share on being discriminated both on the interpersonal and institutional levels. The authors provide a new information indicating that 42 percent of the respondents claim to be treated unfairly by institutions and their representatives such as employers, the police, and educators (p.288). Additionally the overwhelming majority (78 percent) of respondents indicate that the roots of an unfair treatment are connected with race or ethnicity (p.291). In addition to racial markers, the endowments that immigrants possess play a significant role in the discrimination issue. Education, finances, and cultural resources also determine the levels of adjustment of immigrants to the host society (p.280). The possession of the named resources makes easier for immigrants to launch into the middle class of the host society, which increases self-esteem and gives less precedents to feel discriminated. However, most of the immigrants are left beyond the measurement of middle class and, therefore, continue to face more frequent hiring rejections, unequal residential outcomes, unjustified criminal sentencing than white people. Consequently, the Dominican immigrants cannot fully integrate with the host society. Even though the low English language proficiency, insufficiency of proper education and skills restrain the assimilation process, authors state that realization of discrimination and its negative connotations becomes evident with â€Å"age and different types of human capital such as English language ability† (p.281-282). Thus, authors gradually provide an understanding of what discrimination of immigrants in the modern society means. In this research, scholars used both primary and secondary sources. The information of the primary source was unpublished but directly connected to the article, while the secondary sources include the published and widely known information on the topic. Altogether, these sources work as a basis to ensure the reliability of the main points, which support the thesis of the research. Studying the background of the topic, authors get the knowledge from an impressive amount of books, journals, and reports that shed light on the understanding of the main notions of immigration, discrimination, and theories of immigrant assimilation. In order to deeper understand the subject, they go back to the historical background of immigrants in the United States found in the publications and scholar researches as well as books of known authors. For example, claiming the diversification of immigrant destinations in the United States, they refer to the works of Massey and Capoferro , Singer , and others. When presenting the socioeconomic disadvantages faced by Dominican nation as a whole they refer to the National Research Council and works of Portes and Rumbaut . Alba and Nee research gave a scholar insight on how institutional environment and human capital may cause the discrimination of immigrants. Finally, the best source for approaching the experiences and beliefs of Dominic ans is the National Survey of Latinos , which was conducted in 2002 and is one of the core sources authors refer to. The letter one, in the fact, is an example of primary source, which once brought new data and knowledge to the researched field. In order to find new issues, scholars compared the national survey of 2002 and the new one, which conducted themselves. The undeniable evidence of the bold discrimination of Dominicans authors represented through the collection of the reports of the occurrences of discrimination by the institutions or on the interpersonal level in the city of Reading. They utilized an ethnosurvey conducted in 2004 with 61 residents of Reading, Pennsylvania, who were born in the Dominican Republic. They modeled a survey according to the previously conducted templates. Scholars had a goal to determine how immigrants frame their experiences in terms of discrimination and what could be the reasons of unfair treatment. Thus, using the knowledge they received from the secondary sources, they made a survey, which brought a highly valued input into the field of study. Furthermore, with a help of carefully selected analytical techniques, the scholars were able to make calculations, build tables, and make relevant conclusions. In my opinion, this article presents a highly valuable research on the conditions of the life of Hispanic groups in the United States, and makes it possible to understand what discrimination is in the modern society. Even though a black-white racial paradigm in American society has its powerful significance, many people are ready to believe that being the most democratic state the USA has already phased the racial violence out. In the desperate attempt to reach the coveted prosperity, wealth, and worthy conditions of living thousands of people worldwide resettle to the United States, especially from such poor countries as The Dominican Republic. However, the immigrants often face the discrimination from the host society. From the empirical point of view, the article is an enlightening revelation of the perspective of the Dominican immigrants that connect their hardships of the living situation to the fact that they are often associated with African Americans. Despite the fact that ar ticle does not give precise answers to the disturbing questions of whether immigrants really are subjects to discrimination and to which extent, we still have an opportunity to get remarkable insights. For instance, we have a chance to look at the American society in a Reading microcosm from the immigrants’ perspective and be more aware of how some of them still face unfair treatment on the institutional and interpersonal levels. Furthermore, exciting is the fact that English language proficiency has a different effect on Dominicans socioeconomic well-being. It is opposite to what people used to think. It would seem correct to think that poor English language skills create barriers for the immigrants and force them to feel as underclass, while the only barrier is not being aware of the discrimination of the host society. It is curious about the real reasons influencing the assimilation of Dominicans in the area. Authors concluded that assimilation is tightly connected with integration processes and perceptions of discrimination, which could be further investigated. Psychological part manifested in the immigrants’ observation of themselves seems to be very intriguing as it shed light on the immigrants’ awareness of being discriminated and feeling themselves as a separated part from the host society. The question to which extent the Dominicans’ perceptions of discrimination reflect the real unfairness in the area and what, in fact, influences mostly the assimilation processes, still has to be investigated. Incompleteness of the knowledge basis is a constant trigger for sociological studies. In this research, authors give a push for the further explorations of the issue. Authors have completed their mission and given a start to the process of thinking and estimating in the readersâ €™ minds.